Abstract The consumption of food containing significant amounts of aluminum has been the focus of discussions related to health. Aluminum is distributed in nature and may be naturally present in raw materials or added to food as a result of activities or modification processes along the food production chain. This exploratory and descriptive research identified possible sources of aluminum in food, in general, and particularly in the wheat chain and its derivatives, which comprise an important class in the food chain and ordinary consumption in many cultures. Even though total aluminum values have been found in food, in general, and particularly in wheat derivatives, information about their origins is still incipient. The total content of this metal in the food may be the result of a sum of sources. For wheat and its derivatives, the potential origins are among environmental factors, such as soil and water, and even operational procedures, such as the use of food additives and chemical compounds for the control of stored grain pests. Despite these considerations, the actual contributions of each source are still purely speculative, since although aluminum contents have been quantified in most studies, their sources were impartially explored and clarified. health general derivatives cultures incipient factors water procedures pests considerations speculative studies clarified

Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate different binding agents for the preparation of salty cereal bars and to characterize them regarding their physical and sensory parameters. Four formulations of cereal bars were developed using collagen, guar gum, xanthan gum and psyllium as binders, which were evaluated for instrumental color and texture. The results of the instrumental analysis revealed that the cereal bars presented characteristic color and crispness for this type of product and the microbiological analyzes ensured food safety. Sensorially, the cereal bars showed good acceptability, especially the bars made with psyllium and xanthan gum binders in the parameters of appearance, texture, flavor and color. The different binders showed technological efficiency in the elaboration of salty cereal bars, but xanthan gum and psyllium were the ones that best corresponded to the expected attributes.

Abstract Yellow Araçá (Psidium cattleyanum cv. Ya-cy) is a Brazilian native fruit that can be consumed fresh or turned into food products. However, distribution and consumption of fresh fruits are still limited due to faulty post-harvest handling. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the nutritional and functional potential of fresh Yellow Araçá fruit, turned into flour, in formulations of cereal bars. Ripe fruits preserved higher nutritional and functional indexes, presenting high antioxidant potential. As observed during the sensory analysis, addition up to 20% of fruit flour into the cereal bar was well accepted by the consumers. The cereal bar showed significant levels of omega-6 (n-6) and omega-9 (n-9), and minerals nutrients such as iron, magnesium, potassium, zinc. Significant levels of phenolic compounds and low levels of sodium and saturated fatty, free from trans fatty acids, were also observed. The cereal bar presented high amount of crude fiber content, indicating a high potential for use as a functional food.

Abstract The physicochemical analyses and quantification of lactic acid bacteria of cheeses made from autochthonous lactic cultures were evaluated during ripening. There was a decrease in water activity, pH and moisture, and an increase in acidity, total solids, proteolysis, lipids, fat in dry matter and ash. The major fatty acids identified were palmitic, oleic, stearic and myristic acid. Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus presented a higher count at the beginning of ripening. The color, cohesiveness, springiness and chewiness parameters were affected by the chemical properties, which was not observed for hardness and shear force.

Resumo Este estudo teve por objetivo quantificar a concentração de natamicina na casca e verificar sua migração em queijos tipo Gorgonzola, além de avaliar o declínio da natamicina em queijo Azul, ao longo da maturação. Para isso, foram adquiridas oito amostras de queijo tipo Gorgonzola em supermercados, sendo seis produzidos em diferentes regiões do Brasil, um na Argentina e um da Itália. Na casca, quatro das oito amostras de queijo apresentaram concentração de natamicina acima de 5 mg/kg, sendo, destas, três provenientes do Brasil e uma da Argentina. Com exceção do queijo italiano, todas as amostras apresentaram natamicina na massa do queijo (até 6 mm da casca). Para avaliar a taxa de declínio ao longo da maturação em queijos Azuis, estes foram coletados em uma indústria a partir do dia zero (dia da fabricação) até os 45 dias de maturação. Os resultados mostraram que, com o banho de natamicina a 3%, aos 45 dias de maturação, sua concentração na casca era igual a quatro vezes o valor permitido pela legislação (5 mg/kg). No entanto, com banho de 1,5% de natamicina, aos 25 dias de maturação, a concentração do antifúngico encontrava-se de acordo com os padrões estabelecidos pela legislação.

Abstract This study aimed to quantify the concentration of natamycin in the rind and verify its migration in Gorgonzola type cheese, as well as evaluating the decline of natamycin in Blue cheese during maturation. Eight samples of Gorgonzola cheese were purchased in supermarkets of which six were produced in different regions of Brazil, one in Argentina and one in Italy. The rinds of four of the eight cheese samples presented natamycin concentrations above 5 mg/kg, three of these samples being from Brazil and one from Argentina. With the exception of the Italian cheese, all the samples showed natamycin inside the cheese mass (up to 6 mm from the rind). To evaluate the rate of decline during the ripening of Blue cheeses, samples were collected from an industry as from day 0 (day of manufacture) up to the 45 days of ripening. The results showed that, after 45 days of ripening for cheese immersed in a 3% natamycin solution, the concentration in the rind was 4 times the amount allowed by the legislation (5 mg/kg). However, for immersion in a 1.5% natamycin solution, after 25 days of ripening, the antifungal concentration was in accordance with the standards established by the legislation.

Resumo Infraestruturas rodoviárias podem afetar áreas naturais com grande intensidade. Um trevo e uma trincheira foram construídas na cidade de Francisco Beltrão-Paraná-Brasil sobre um corpo d'água chamado Rio da Trincheira. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a qualidade de suas águas, em termos físico-químicos e toxicológicos, em quatro pontos ao longo de seu curso, durante e após a construção da trincheira e do trevo. Os resultados das análises físico-químicas mostraram alterações em alguns parâmetros analisados, em especial, óleos e graxas, demanda bioquímica de oxigênio e oxigênio dissolvido, próximos à infraestrutura rodoviária. O teste de imobilidade/mortalidade com os microcrustáceos Artemia salina L. mostrou que nenhum dos pontos de coleta de água do rio foi tóxico. O teste de citotoxicidade com o bioindicador Allium cepa L. revelou que não houve efeito citotóxico na coleta da amostra durante a construção rodoviária. No entanto, após a finalização da construção da trincheira e do trevo, verificou-se um aumento estatisticamente significativo da percentagem do índice mitótico no ponto/local de construção da estrada. Portanto, medidas de conscientização e regulação devem ser necessárias para interferir nas atividades realizadas nas margens e nos corpos d'água, buscando uma relação harmoniosa entre as atividades humanas e todo o ecossistema.

Abstract Road infrastructures can greatly affect natural areas. A trench and a roundabout were constructed in the city of Francisco Beltrão-Paraná-Brazil over a water body called Trincheira's River. The present study evaluated the quality of the waters of Trincheira’s River, in physicochemical and toxicological terms, at four points along its course, during and after the trench and the roundabout construction. The results of the physicochemical analysis showed changes in some parameters analyzed near the road infrastructure, in particular, oils and greases, biochemical oxygen demand and dissolved oxygen. The immobility/mortality test with Artemia salina L. micro shellfish showed that none of the water at the collection points of the river was toxic. The cytotoxicity test with the bioindicator Allium cepa L. revealed no cytotoxic effect in the sample collection done during the road construction. However, after the finalization of the trench and the roundabout construction, a statistically significant increase in the percentage of the mitotic index at the road construction point was noticed. Therefore, awareness and regulatory measures are necessary to oversee activities on water bodies’ shores and environs, to ensure a harmonious relationship between human activity and the ecosystem.

Abstract Jaboticaba (Plinia cauliflora) is a Brazilian native fruit which can be consumed in natura form, and also as processed food. The skin has a significant biological nutritional potential. The present study aimed to evaluate the bioactive compounds of the jaboticaba skin and of the jaboticaba skin flour (JSF), and its application in cookie. Physicochemical analyses to determine the bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity (TEAC and FRAP) of jaboticaba skin and JSF were performed. Skin presented high content of phenolic compounds, anthocyanins, flavonoids and condensed tannins, strengthening that this composition exhibited considerable levels of antioxidant activity. The JSF presented considerable carbohydrate contents, phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity, besides being a source of fibers. The cookies were prepared by replacing 2.5%, 5.0% and 7.5% of the total amount of whole wheat flour in the recipe by JSF. The formulations presented positive increases of bioactive compounds, contributing with the potential of antioxidant activity. All formulations were well accepted in the sensory evaluation.

Resumo O presente estudo teve por finalidade caracterizar a própolis quanto à sua atividade antioxidante e aplicá-la na elaboração de salame tipo italiano. Amostra de própolis foi coletada e submetida à caracterização físico-química, química e capacidade antioxidante. Quatro formulações de salame foram elaboradas: F1 (sem antioxidante), F2 (adição BHT 0,01%), F3 (adição de própolis 0,01%) e F4 (adição de própolis 0,05%). Os salames foram avaliados quanto às propriedades físico-químicas e oxidação lipídica. A caracterização da própolis mostrou alto teor de ceras e baixo teor de compostos fenólicos e flavonoides, porém em quantidades suficientes para comprovar sua atividade antioxidante. Os salames tipo italiano apresentaram teor de umidade, proteínas e lipídeos conforme limites preconizados pela legislação brasileira. A formulação F4 (0,05% de própolis) apresentou melhor resultado quando comparado às formulações F3 (0,01% de própolis) e F1 (sem antioxidante). No entanto, a F2 (0,01% de BHT) foi a formulação que apresentou menor valor de oxidação lipídica. Os resultados demonstraram que a própolis inibe a ação oxidativa, podendo ser adicionada em produtos cárneos como antioxidante natural.

Summary This study aimed to characterize propolis with respect to its antioxidant activity and apply it to the elaboration of Italian-type salami. A propolis sample was collected and subjected to chemical and physicochemical characterization and its antioxidant capacity determined. Four salami formulations were developed: F1 (no antioxidants); F2 (addition of 0.01% BHT); F3 (addition of 0.01% propolis) and F4 (addition of 0.05% propolis). The salamis were evaluated with respect to their physicochemical properties and lipid oxidation. The characterization of the propolis showed a high level of waxes and low levels of phenolic compounds and flavonoids, although in sufficient quantity to prove their antioxidant activity. The Italian-type salamis showed moisture, protein and lipid contents which conformed to the limits preconized by Brazilian legislation. The F4 formulation (0.05% propolis) showed a better result when compared to the formulations F3 (0.01% propolis) and F1 (no antioxidant). However, formulation F2 (0.01% BHT) showed the lowest value of lipid oxidation. The results showed that propolis inhibits oxidative action and can be added to meat products as a natural antioxidant.

ABSTRACT The aim of this paper was to assess the nutritional and lipid quality of salty cereal bars preparedusing different binding agents. The experiment consisted of preparing four cereal formulations with four different binding agents (collagen, guar gum, xanthan gum and psyllium). The physicochemical characteristics and main minerals of the bars were assessed to determine the nutritional value, atherogenic index and thrombogenic index. The ratios between hypocholesterolemic and hypercholesterolemic fatty acids were determined to assess the lipid quality of the product. The results show that the bars have considerable lipid content, carbohydrates, protein, fiber and energetic value. The atherogenicindexindex, thrombogenic index, and ratios between hypocholesterolemic and hypercholesterolemic fatty acids for all the formulations had good lipid quality, which indicates that the bars are a healthy food alternative.

RESUMEN Este estudio tuvo por objetivo elaborar barras de cereales saladas, utilizando diferentes agentes de unión y evaluar su calidad nutricional y lipídica. Para ello se elaboraron cuatro formulaciones de barras de cereales alterando solamente los agentes de unión (colágeno, gomaguar, goma xantana y psyllium). En las barras de cereales desarrolladas se evaluó las características físico-químicas y principales minerales para determinar el valor nutricional y los índices de aterogenicidad (IA), trombogenicidad (IT) así como las razones entre ácidos grasos hipocolesterolémicos e hipercolesterolémicos (HH) para verificar la calidad lipídica del producto. Las barras desarrolladas presentaron considerables contenidos de lípidos, carbohidratos, proteína, fibras y valor energético. El perfil de ácidos grasos así como los índices de aterogenicidad (IA), trombogenicidad (IT) y razones entre los ácidos hipocolesterolémicos e hipercolesterolémicos (HH) mostraron para todas las formulaciones una buena calidad lipídica indicando una alternativa de alimento sano y diferenciado.

Os consumidores costumam associar os produtos cárneos processados a uma imagem negativa em função dos teores de gordura saturada, sódio e aditivos químicos que apresentam. O trabalho teve por objetivo estudar a influência da adição de farinha de semente de linhaça dourada (Linum usitatissimum L.) como substituto de gordura suína e da utilização de sal com teor reduzido de sódio nas características físicas, químicas, microbiológicas e sensoriais de hambúrgueres de carne bovina. Visando tornar o hambúrguer mais saudável, seis formulações foram desenvolvidas mudando as concentrações de sal light e de farinha de linhaça. Os resultados demonstraram que a adição de 10,0% de farinha de semente de linhaça dourada em substituição a 100,0% do toucinho contribuiu para o aumento (p < 0,05) do teor de proteínas. A adição de 5,0% de farinha de linhaça dourada em substituição a 50,0% do toucinho refletiu em boas notas para todos os atributos sensoriais avaliados. Houve aumento (p < 0,05) dos percentuais de ômega-3 e cinzas, e redução (p < 0,05) dos lipídios totais e valor calórico, independente dos níveis de adição da farinha. A substituição de toucinho por farinha de semente de linhaça contribuiu para o menor encolhimento e melhor rendimento, bem como para maior retenção de umidade e de gordura dos hambúrgueres. O sal light não interferiu negativamente nas características microbiológicas dos hambúrgueres e quando associado com a adição de 5,0% de farinha de linhaça contribuiu para melhor (p < 0,05) sabor e aroma. Os resultados sugeriram que a adição de 5,0% de farinha de semente de linhaça dourada como substituto de 50,0% da gordura suína, bem como a redução de 60,1% do sódio em hambúrgueres de carne bovina, se caracterizou alternativa viável do ponto de vista nutricional e sensorial, contribuindo ainda para o maior rendimento do produto após o cozimento.

Consumers tend to have a negative image of processed meat products, due to their contents of saturated fat, sodium and chemical additives. This work aimed to study the influence of adding golden flaxseed flour (Linum usitatissimum L.) as a substitute for pork fat as well as using reduced sodium salt, on the physical, chemical, microbiological and sensory profiles of beef burgers. With a view to making the burgers healthier, six formulations were developed with different concentrations of light salt and flaxseed flour. The results showed that the total replacement of pork fat by 10.0% of golden flaxseed flour significantly increased (p<0.05) the protein content. The burgers with the addition of 5.0% golden flaxseed flour to replace 50.0% of the pork fat presented good scores for all the sensory attributes evaluated. Independent of the percentage of flour added to the burgers, the omega-3 and ash contents increased (p<0.05), while the total lipids, caloric value and fat content of the dry matter showed a significant decrease (p<0.05). The replacement of pork fat by flaxseed flour contributed to reduced shrinkage and a higher yield, as well as burgers showing greater moisture and fat retention. The use of light salt did not affect the antimicrobial potential and when combined with 5.0% of flaxseed flour significantly improved the flavour and taste (p < 0.05). The results suggested that the addition of 5.0% golden flaxseed flour as a substitute for 50.0% saturated fat and a sodium reduction of 60.1% in the burgers was a viable alternative for the nutritional and sensorial attributes, as well as providing a higher yield after cooking.

Considerando-se a evidente busca por alimentos de rápido e fácil preparo, as comunidades industrial e científica vêm investindo no desenvolvimento de novos produtos que, além de atenderem a essa demanda, possam oferecer benefícios à saúde do consumidor. Dentre os alimentos que não demandam muito tempo para o preparo no domicílio, o hambúrguer merece destaque, em função do seu elevado consumo. No entanto, em razão de conter gordura saturada e por ser submetido a processo de fritura, o consumo demasiado desse produto pode ser prejudicial à saúde humana, podendo causar doenças crônicas, entre as quais, a obesidade e a hipertensão. Estudos têm demonstrado a possibilidade de substituição de ingredientes na formulação de hambúrgueres, com a intenção de incorporar substâncias com propriedades funcionais; portanto, substâncias que possam contribuir para a saúde e o bem-estar dos consumidores. Nesse contexto, esta revisão aborda questões referentes ao hambúrguer, no sentido de conceituar o produto e, à luz da literatura, oferecer alternativas possíveis e que têm sido estudadas para tornar esse alimento mais saudável, com foco na substituição de gordura animal por fibras e na redução do teor de cloreto de sódio.

Considering the evident search for quick and easy food preparation, industrial and scientific communities have been investing in developing new products that fulfill this demand and may offer health benefits to consumer. Among foods that do not require much time for preparation at home, the burger deserves attention due to its high consumption. However, due to its saturated fat contents and being subjected to frying process, the excessive consumption of this product may be harmful to human health and may cause chronic diseases, including obesity and hypertension. Studies have demonstrated the possibility of ingredients substitution in the formulation intending to incorporate substances with functional properties, so that they can contribute to consumers'health and well-being. In this context, this paper describes issues related to the burger, to conceptualize the product and, in the light of the literature, to offer studied alternatives to make it healthier, focusing on replacing animal fat by fibers and on sodium chloride content reduction.

Comparative studies among 4 (four) different methods of total lipids extraction were carried out to evaluate the lipid extraction efficiency and fatty acids contents in cow milk. Total lipids extraction methods were Bligh e Dyer (BD), Folch et al. (FLS), Roese-Gottlieb (RG) and Gerber (GB). There were non-significant (p<0.05) difference, in total lipids content among the extraction methods. The smallest concentrations of omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were observed on method GE, possibly due degradation of PUFA immersed in sulfuric acid used during analysis of total lipids. The highest concentrations of n-3 PUFA were observed by BD method, especially to omega-3/omega-6 ratio and alpha-linolenic acid (LNA, 18:3n-3), eicosapentaenoic (EPA, 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic (DHA, 22:6n-3), significant differences were observed among the methods. The results demonstrate that the different extractions influenced decisively on quantitative fatty acids composition and evaluations indicated the methods BD as better and GE as the worst to polyunsaturated fatty acids determination.

Avaliação de diferentes métodos de extração lipídica sobre a composição de ácidos graxos poliinsaturados em leite de vaca. Estudos comparativos entre 4 (quatro) diferentes métodos de extração de lipídios totais foram avaliados em relação à eficiência de extração lipídica e as implicações sobre a composição de ácidos graxos no leite de vaca. As extrações de lipídios totais foram realizadas de acordo com métodos convencionalmente utilizados no mundo, essas metodologias incluem os métodos de: Bligh e Dyer (BD), Folch et al. (FLS), Roese-Goottlieb (RG) e Gerber (GE). Os resultados mostram que não houve diferença significativa (p<0,05), no teor de lipídios totais entre os métodos de extração. As menores concentrações de ácidos graxos ômega-6 e ácidos graxos poliinsaturados foram observadas no método GE, possivelmente devido à degradação pelo ácido sulfúrico, o qual foi utilizado na metodologia. As maiores concentrações dos ácidos graxos poliinsaturados da série ômega-3 (n-3) foi observada no método BD, especialmente para a razão ômega-3/ômega-6 e os ácidos alfa-linolênico (LNA, 18:3n-3), eicosapentaenóico (EPA, 20:5n-3) e docosahexaenóico (DHA, 22:6n-3), com diferenças significativas das demais metodologias. Os resultados das diferentes metodologias de extração influenciaram decisivamente nos resultados da composição quantitativa de ácidos graxos e, as avaliações indicaram o método BD como o melhor e a o método de GE como a pior na determinação quantitativas de ácidos graxos poliinsaturados em leite de vaca.